As a space for learning, leisure and accessing information, the Internet plays an essential role in shaping our conception of the world, our opinions and our values. Gender stereotypes existing in the offline environment – which are the root of inequality between men and women, and at the origin of gender violence – are also present in the online world.

Children and young people are in the process of forming their opinions and attitudes about norms and acceptable behaviour, and also about sexuality. Their attitudes toward women and men, their present and future conduct and roles are being strongly influenced by Internet content. Certain online services and easily available violent and sexist material can also put them at risk.

The challenge is how to protect their full enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression and access to information in online environments and at the same time prevent the damaging effects of gender-related harmful content. This is indispensable for achieving de facto equality between men and women.

On the Internet women can be exposed to risks such as surveillance, harassment, stalking, identity theft and manipulation, which are also related to consequences offline, such as persecution in private and professional environments, defamation or bodily harm. The tracking of mobile phones is seen as a useful innovation; however, it is often used for stalking.

Being aware about the way individuals think about gender, including stereotypes and how discrimination and gender roles hurt people, can help understand how Internet contents of a sexual and violent nature can lead to violence and discrimination against women.

 

Objectives

  • Promote the introduction of a gender perspective into the mainstream discussion on Internet content regulation so that policy-makers and the private sector can better understand how the Internet impacts women and men differently, and how this can contribute to fighting gender inequality and the violence related to it.
  • Promote a gender perspective and equality between women and men in the electronic media.
  • Promote women’s participation in the Internet industry, in particular in decision-making.
  • Encourage the use of non-sexist language and images in the media, including the Internet.
  • Encourage states to promote training, education and awareness raising action to combat sexist stereotypes.

 

Key legal standards

Recommendation of the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers on gender equality and media (2013)

This recommendation to states and media organisations provides specific guidelines and suggests action to ensure gender equality and to combat gender stereotyping. It contains 16 implementation measures in the following six categories:

  • review and evaluation of gender equality policy and legislation;
  • adoption and implementation of national indicators for gender equality in the media;
  • provision of information and promotion of good practices;
  • accountability channels;
  • research and publication;
  • media literacy and active citizenship.

To support member states in their efforts to implement the 16 measures contained in the recommendation, the Council of Europe has prepared a Handbook with practical suggestions and examples of good practices.

Other Council of Europe Committee of Ministers Recommendations address gender mainstreaming in education (2007), protection of women against violence (2002), and equality between women and men in the media (1984)

Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence

The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention) was opened for signature in April 2011. It is the first international treaty in Europe creating a comprehensive legal framework to prevent gender violence, to protect victims and to end with the impunity of perpetrators of violence.

The convention criminalises various forms of violence against women, including forced marriage, female genital mutilation, stalking, physical and psychological violence and sexual violence. While respecting the right to freedom of expression, the treaty encourages the information technology sector and the media to participate in developing policies to prevent violence against women and to enhance respect for their dignity, as well as to set guidelines and self-regulatory standards.