Tackling discrimination
Schools can tackle discrimination by promoting democracy, respect for human rights and citizenship.
To ensure that all students’ needs are met equally, schools need to prioritise language and cultural competences, multiperspectivity in history and gender equality. In this way, students can acquire competences for democratic culture, to fulfil their potential in school as well as in society.
Facts & figures
Students with disabilities in Europe have higher early-school leaving-rates than their same-age peers.[1]
Black Caribbean students are three times more likely to be excluded from English schools than white pupils. [2]
A survey of nine EU countries showed that 33% of Roma students were in schools where most pupils were Roma, with 13% in Roma-only schools.[3]
What is discrimination?
Discrimination is treating a person badly or unfairly on account of a personal characteristic, such as national, ethnic or social origin, gender, language, religion, disability or sexual orientation.
There are two basic forms of discrimination:
- Direct discrimination – treating someone less favourably than you treat or would treat another person in the same situation, e.g., a school refusing to admit a student because they are Roma,
- Indirect discrimination – applying a provision, criterion or practice in the same way for all of a group which has the effect of unfairly disadvantaging people in the group who share a particular characteristic, e.g., a school uniform policy banning headgears for girls and boys may unfairly disadvantage Muslim girls and Jewish boys.
Discrimination can occur in almost any aspect of school life, from the attitudes and expectations of teachers to school rules and codes of conduct, selection and grouping practices, curricula, teaching methods and materials, changing facilities, career guidance, canteen food and the physical school environment.
Whatever form it takes – whether it be parallel school systems for different ethnic groups, concentrations of minority or disadvantaged children in the same school, or differential access to educational provision, it means a lower quality of educational experience for the students being discriminated against.
Why is tackling discrimination important at school?
Discrimination is a human rights violation. Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights contains a prohibition on discrimination with respect to any of the rights and freedoms guaranteed under the Convention. Article 2 of Protocol No.1 requires the state to ensure that all individuals have access to its formal educational provision.
“No person shall be denied the right to education.”[4]
“The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.”[5]
Tackling discrimination is not simply a duty laid on schools by the European Convention of Human Rights, it is also important for student well-being and educational success. Children and young people who are treated unfairly or discriminated against are more likely to have:
- negative attitudes to school
- lower levels of motivation and academic achievement
- a higher risk of dropping out of formal education
- experience of bullying
- mental health problems.
Feeling different or ‘less’ than others can be an isolating experience. Over time it undermines an individual’s capacity for participation in society, e.g., their sense of self-efficacy, openness to other cultures and beliefs, tolerance of ambiguity and flexibility and adaptability - all of which lie at the heart of the Council of Europe Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture.
Lack of opportunity due to discrimination in school also damages society. It intensifies social divisions, fuels xenophobia and intolerance and undermines social cohesion.
“States should adopt a combination of strong anti-discrimination measures and policies that promote more inclusive education systems where all children learn together. This is not a utopian project, but an achievable goal that can ensure more equal treatment of all children and, in the long term, improve social cohesion”[6]
What are the challenges?
One of the challenges facing the tackling of discrimination in schools is a lack of data. European-wide statistics specifically focused on discrimination in schools are scarce. Children with disabilities, for example, do not always appear in national statistics and may be ‘invisible’ to decision-makers, service providers and the public. Such children are particularly vulnerable to discrimination, however, and are often segregated in terms of educational provision.
These are not the only ‘invisible’ minorities in schools. For example, LGBTI students often feel they have to hide their sexual orientation at school to avoid victimisation.
Another key challenge is the existence of negative stereotypes about minority groups among teachers, parents, students and other school stakeholders. Such stereotypes are often deeply embedded in everyday school life and practice, so much so that they are taken as ‘normal’, e.g., stories and images in textbooks that reflect a stereotyped portrayal of the roles of women and men, girls and boys. Stereotypes help to fuel prejudiced and aggressive behaviour between students, lower expectations from teachers and negative attitudes from parents, e.g., refusing to allow their children to be taught alongside refugee or migrant children.
Stereotyping is difficult to root out in schools because its origins lie in wider society. This is exacerbated by the current preponderance of hate speech, fake news and conspiracy theories in digital media, especially social media.
The situation is compounded when minority groups are under-represented on school staff. Students lack role - models and teachers do not have the access to information about or insights into other cultures and ways of life that come with belonging to a more diverse profession. They lack the intercultural competences with which to create inclusive and quality learning environments, e.g., openness to cultural otherness, tolerance of ambiguity, plurilingual skills and knowledge and critical understanding of alternative cultures, religions and histories.
Tackling discrimination is more challenging when there is a lack of dialogue between schools and parents. Often this is on account of language difficulties, but it is also a problem where students’ parents work abroad leaving their children in the charge of elderly relatives or others.
How can schools get active?
Ensuring all learners of any age are provided with meaningful, high-quality educational opportunities alongside their peers requires a whole-school approach.
It begins by schools understanding who might be at risk of discrimination, what they can do to minimise discrimination and how they can support students at risk of discrimination. A good place to start is with an assessment of the current situation, identifying the strengths that exist in the school, but also needs and priorities. Consulting with school stakeholders is essential, especially students and, where possible, parents – e.g., using surveys, questionnaires, focus groups, etc. Given the sensitivities involved there is argument for collecting information on individuals’ experiences of discrimination anonymously.
Based on an assessment of the current situation it is possible to identify immediate priorities for policy development. Priorities will vary with the school, but might include, for example:
- language development
- gender equality
- accessibility of the physical environment
- intercultural competences.
The setting of initial priorities should go hand in hand with professional development for senior leadership teams as well as teaching staff. An element of personal as well as professional reflection is essential to the tackling of discrimination in school. In particular, it is important for school staff to be able to consider their own beliefs and values with regard to discrimination, including their own unconscious biases and prejudices.
Schools can then turn to the longer-term aspiration of creating a culture of non-discrimination. Central to this process is the challenging of negative stereotyping, both in classrooms and around the school. This can be done in a variety of ways, including:
- challenging stereotypes when they are heard
- discussing stereotypes with students
- identifying stereotypes in the curriculum
- highlighting stereotypical images and roles in textbooks
- allocating posts of responsibility equitably
- choosing different ways of dividing up students
- providing a range of role-models
- setting up mechanisms for monitoring incidents of discrimination.
Challenging stereotypes goes alongside the promotion of inclusion and an appreciation of the benefits of diversity in school life. This can take different forms, including:
- using inclusive language
- including human rights, democratic citizenship and intercultural education in the curriculum
- encouraging the discussion of controversial issues
- promoting student voice
- involving students in peer education and peer mediation activities
- welcoming parents and involving them in school decision-making
- forming partnerships with different organisations and groups in the community.
[1] Education section of the The European Disability Forum
[2] Article: UK: Racial discrimination is a reality in schools and classrooms. Education International
[3] EU Fundamental Rights Agency, “Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II) Roma – Selected findings” (2017).
[4] ECHR, Article 2, Protocol No.1
[6] Position paper: Fighting school segregation in Europe through inclusive education by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights
Resources on Tackling discrimination
Related schools projects
Address:
Country:
Project: “Let your greatness blossom”
Working language during the project:
Themes of the Council of Europe campaign “FREE to SPEAK, SAFE to LEARN - Democratic Schools for All” covered:
- Making children’s and students’ voices heard
- Addressing controversial issues
- Preventing violence and bullying
- Dealing with propaganda, misinformation and fake news
- Tackling discrimination
- Improving well-being at school
Competences from the Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture (CDC) addressed and where / how they were integrated:
- Valuing human dignity and human rights
Valuing democracy, justice, fairness, equality and the rule of law
Our school works on the topic of inclusion and has even won an inclusion prize. We try to avoid the word inclusion as it points out special groups of students that are often separated and discriminated. We prefer the word democracy because inclusion is a question of participation and anti-discrimination and human rights. - Knowledge and critical understanding of the world: politics, law, human rights, culture, cultures, religions, history, media, economies, environment, sustainability
Our school got the Title and is part of a national network called „school without racism - school with courage“. We are profoundly proud to have won Esther Bejarano, a 94-year old holocaust survivor as a partner and sponsor of our anti-racism project. - Respect
In Rhineland Palatinate each school decides for annual targets. Our annual target is to work on respect. Different projects and measures took place in the last year to work on this topic, e.g. respect day, respect being a topic in different subjects and lessons…
Target group age range:
- 5-11
- 11-15
- 15-19
Level of education:
- Lower secondary education
Short description of the project:
We understand democracy and anti-discrimination not only as an object of learning but we want to enable our students to understand, learn and apply competences of a democratic culture through two underlying areas.
One area comprises reliable, recurring structures in different areas, which are either anchored in the school year or recur during everyday school life. In order to give a small insight into this area, I would like to mention, for example, the dispute resolution programme learned by students after a basic training, reliably carried out for all students and frequently used in everyday school life. In the lower level e.g. team and cooperation trainings take place regularly.
The pupils of the higher classes regularly visit the Rhineland-Palatinate parliament and discuss with politicians who also come to the school for a return visit. Visits and participation in didactic programmes at a concentration camp memorial site and a synagogue are also regular events.
Every year our entire school community also supports the campaign „Red-Hand-Day“ which can be assigned to the learning area of world understanding.
Currently in the planning stage is the training of students who see themselves as multipliers and who should give advice to their classmates on how to deal with propaganda or hate speech online and offline.
The second area contains those projects, events or competition participations which we develop from the needs and questions or suggestions of our students or from social movements or changes. This includes in particular the area of controversial issues and problems that students often bring to us and which arise from their natural willingness to create and participate. These are often not easy to solve in class discussions and sometimes it takes more than lectures and conversations to understand connections or controversial questions of living together in a society.
In 2016 for example, when millions of people set out and our students saw endless suffering, they began to ask questions about a world in justice, a world without discrimination or bullying - they observed insecurities in society and asked „WHY“. Taking up these suggestions, we designed a project week under the title "we are colourful", which mixed pupils of all levels and which dealt with the topics of origin, impairment and racism in a creative and diverse way and from which, among other things, the project "School without racism - School with courage" emerged within the framework of a working group organised by pupils. The initiating group of pupils first informed themselves, then the school community and collected signatures from all those involved in everyday school life who - convinced by our pupils - committed themselves to stand up against racism and discrimination. Esther Bejarano, a 94-year-old survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp, became a godmother for this project and our students were full of pride in their enthusiasm for a two-day reading and concert event with her. They folded 300 peace doves and just as many buttons for the guests of the event, which was opened by the then Federal Minister of Justice (Dr. Katharina Barley) and at which our inclusive school choir sang as well.
But there are more projects in our house, such as the implementation of a "Respect Day", on which our students dealt with a wide variety of contexts - such as visiting an exhibition by and with visually impaired people in complete darkness, working out ways of reacting to discrimination or violence in everyday life in linguistic as well as graphic, musical and theatrical ways. Theatre plays on the subject of racism were written, staged and performed in front of other schools at an event for "fairness, peace and tolerance".
Our pupils actively supported the municipal "Special Olympics" with their help. In a workshop with wheelchair users, they practised a change of perspective and would not have the common breakfast before school holidays, which often takes place in the classes, where pupils bring specialities from their countries of origin to school - the start into free time would only be half as nice.
Last but not least, I would like to mention the area of competitions: last year we won second place in the inclusive school prize and in 2017 first prize in the Rhineland-Palatinate "One World School Prize" with a short film (stop motion) in which one of our pupils with Down Syndrome was significantly involved.
In every part of school life, be it projects, events or teaching content based on the curriculum, we strive to involve every pupil and to show them that without their participation the big picture of school life is not complete. This means that we open ourselves up in a didactic and methodical way in the classroom and integrate methods away from the purely frontal teaching that positively serve the inclusion of every form of impairment, aptitude, origin and linguistic level, but also make use of the most diverse learning locations.
Aims/objectives
- implement the reference framework in democratic, agreed way
- students and adults for aspects of discrimination in every day life
- find ways to reduce barriers, participate, cooperate and take responsibility for the school (world) we live (and learn) in
- see ourselves as part of the world and world in parts at the same time
Expected results/outcomes
- All students feel welcome and being a part of their class and the school community.
- Students from our school participate e.g. in town parliament
- Students recognise barriers against participation and develop ideas to reduce them.
- Class parliaments take place in every class - more and more in a student focused way
Changes
We are still at the beginning of implementing the competences of a democratic culture in our school development concept. As a result we want to want to transfer our implicit work on this matter into a reflected and agreed concept that works step by step and includes methods of evaluation. This frame is supposed to ensure that projects as well as subjects are included and democracy becomes visible in our school culture.
Challenges you faced
Step by step, our school was able to anchor the idea that projects could not only be designed on a large scale and with the greatest possible power available, but that small steps could also get the ball rolling. In an increasingly performance and certificate-oriented society, it is sometimes difficult to explain why these projects make a major contribution to the comprehensive and holistic education of a child, not only at the level of preparation, implementation and reflection - and that the scope of the cognitive output often extends far beyond the current project. This can be seen particularly clearly in the example of projects which are based on democratic structures when it comes to the involvement of each individual in project development, planning, stabilisation of conception and implementation.
Time-frame of the project:
- Long lasting project (never ending)
Council of Europe materials on citizenship and human rights education used while preparing or implementing your practice:
- Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture
