3. Are MAP procedures covered by the social security system? Yes. 

This may differ between counties but normally MAP is covered up to a limited number of attempts, presently most state owned/contracted clinics offer three attempts by national recommendation (by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions, SKL).

MAP is considered part of health care.

4. Are there specific criteria for such coverage? By national recommendations: If the couple/female is approved by above mentioned criteria she will receive up to three attempts. Females above 40 will however normally not be approved for treatment, unless embryos were frozen before she turned 40, in which case the embryos may be used before she turns 45. This applies regardless of financial coverage. The other parent must not be above 56 years old.

5. Is the financial coverage limited to a number of MAP procedures? Yes. Up to three attempts are normally covered.

16. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos anonymous?

sperm No / oocytes No / embryos N/A

17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child born after gametes of embryo donation? 

i. For the child him or herself Yes. Yes, by request to the clinic which has a special registry about the donors (to be saved for 70 years). For embryo donor children it will be possible to find genetic siblings who have requested to be entered into the register.;

ii. For the parents No;

iii. For a court No. Unlikely, but potentially if court rules it necessary. 

Identity of the donor(s)

i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No

b. Certain health information concerning the donor(s)

i. For the child him or herself Yes, if relevant and noted in the donor registry; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No

c. Other information

i. For the child him or herself Yes, 

Contact info and any other info provided in the medical file

A donor child has the right to, at a “mature age” (interpreted as appx 18) and upon request, find out the identity and contact information of their donor. This information is to be kept for 70 years in a special donor registry. The parents are encouraged to inform their child about the donation;

ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No

18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions? No. 

Paternity is regulated in the Parental Code.

Paternity can be contested if, having regard to all the circumstances, it is not probable that the child was conceived by insemination or IVF.

2. Are there specific criteria for access to MAP? 

Medical reasons:

a. Infertility:

For a heterosexual couple? Yes; For women not living in a heterosexual couple? Yes

Female married couples have access to sperm donation even if there is no infertility in the medical sense.

b. Risk of transmission of a disease

For a heterosexual couple Yes?; For women not living in a heterosexual couple? Yes

Female married couples have access to sperm donation and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis if there is a risk of transmitting a predisposition to a serious disease.

c. Other N/A

16. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos anonymous?

sperm Yes / oocytes Yes / embryos -

Art. 18 specifies the rules of confidentiality regarding both the couples receiving MAP and the gamete donors.

17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child born after gametes of embryo donation? 

i. For the child him or herself No; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court Yes

Art. 18: The child may request medically important information about the donor after reaching 15 years of age, provided that he/she is mentally competent. The child’s legal representative may be given such information only with a permission issued by court, in cases of exceptionally important medical reasons.

The child’s physician has the right to access information in the donors’ registry for health reasons.

The court and administrative body have a right to access information in the registry if that is absolutely necessary for carrying out their official duties under this law.

a. Identity of the donor(s)

i. For the child him or herself No; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court Yes. See comment to first table answer 17.

b. Certain health information concerning the donor(s)

i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents Yes; iii. For a court Yes. See comment to first table answer 17.

c. Other information

i. For the child him or herself No; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court Yes. See comment to first table answer 17.

18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions? 

In principle, no.

• Art. 41: Maternity cannot be contested if the mother had consented to the MAP procedure. When  a donated egg is used, the donor cannot claim maternity for the child, nor can biological maternity be determined in the interest of other parties. 
• Art. 42: Paternity may not be contested, unless it is claimed that the child had in fact not been conceived with a MAP procedure. In that case articles 96-99 of the Marriage and family relations Act apply.

When donated sperm is used, the donor cannot claim paternity for the child, nor can biological paternity be determined in the interest of other parties.

19. Is there an important current debate in your country on these or related issues? These issues are currently being discussed in medical faculties, medical doctors' councils and among lawyers.

20. Delegations are invited to provide information, in this section, on particular cases encountered in their country, and especially their case-law. -

 Title of the law: Federal Act enacting provisions on medically assisted reproduction (Reproductive Medicine Act – RMA), Federal Law Gazette No. 275/1992, last amended by Federal Law Gazette I No. 37/2018 (see RIS - Fortpflanzungsmedizingesetz - Bundesrecht konsolidiert, version of 25 November 2024 (bka. gv.at)

 Date of adoption: 14 May 1992 entry into force 1 July 1992, with various adaptions until 2018

 Published: in Federal Gazette “Bundesgesetzblatt” BGBl. Nr. 275/1992

 Amendment: Fortpflanzungsmedizinrechts-Änderungsgesetz 2015

 Date of Adoption: 23 February 2015, entry into force: 24 February 2015

 Published in: Federal Gazette “Bundesgesetzblatt” BGBl. I Nr. 35/2015

Revision concerning egg donation, sperm donation and PGD

2. Are there specific criteria for access to MAP?

Medical reasons

          a. Infertility

            i. for a heterosexual couple?                                                     YES

            ii. for women not living in a heterosexual couple?                NO

b. Risk of transmission of a disease (please specify the risk and/or disease)                  

            i. for a heterosexual couple?                                                     YES

            ii. for women not living in heterosexual couple?                   NO

6. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos permitted in your country? Yes

7. Are there specific compensation arrangements for donations of sperm/oocytes/embryos? No. 

No compensation can be requested or given for gamete donation. The donor's necessary and to the donation related cost and his/her loss of income can be reimbursed.

8. Are there specific criteria for donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos? Yes. 

Age limit for gamete (sperm and oocyte) donation: 35 years.

Age limit for embryo donation: none (however, MAP itself has its age limit, thus limiting the age for embryo donation)

Sperm donation: anonymous

Oocyte donation: there are two options, it is either anonymous or the oocytes are donated to a specific person, but it is only legal, if the donor and the recipient are relatives as specified in the Act, e.g. sister, cousin, brother’s spouse.

Embryo donation: anonymous

Possible, further comments

9. Are there specific non-medical criteria for selection of gametes/embryos to be used for MAP? Yes. 

The health care provider can store only limited data of the donors, and this limits the availability of non medical criteria for selection of gametes/embryo. The data that can be stored include the followings: the donor's name (surname and first name, maiden name), mother's maiden name, address, date of birth, gender, external physical characteristics, diseases known to the donor. Among those data the personal data cannot be disclosed to the future parents.

10. Are there special measures for the prevention of consanguinity? Yes. 

When donor gametes are used for MAP it must be ensured that the number of offsprings from the same gamete donor in the reproductive procedures involving different individuals does not exceed four.  

During the same reproductive procedure, only gametes donated by the same person can be used.

There is no central register for donors, however, health care providers specializing in collecting donor sperm have their own registers.

11. In a homosexual couple, is a legal relationship possible between a child and the partner of the legal parent? No. MAP is restricted to heterosexual couples.

3. Are MAP procedures covered by the social security system? Yes. The Region must provide cost-free treatment for MAP to single women who do not have children, and couples who do not have children together.

4. Are there specific criteria for such coverage? Yes. Women over 45 year of age cannot receive treatment.

5. Is the financial coverage limited to a number of MAP procedures? Yes. Practice: 6 procedures with IVF and more if there are one or more spare, frozen embryos from the woman.

19. Is there an important current debate in your country on these or related issues?  NA

20. Delegations are invited to provide information, in this section, on particular cases encountered in their country, and especially their case-law. 

A draft law on MAP is currently before Parliament. Parliament had planned to hold a broad policy debate, but this has not yet taken place.

The National Ethics Commission has issued a very comprehensive opinion on all aspects of MAP.

2. Are there specific criteria for access to MAP? 

Medical reasons:

a. Infertility:

For a heterosexual couple? Yes; For women not living in a heterosexual couple No?

b. Risk of transmission of a disease

For a heterosexual couple? Yes; For women not living in a heterosexual couple? No

c. Other NA

Access to MAP in Italy is allowed for fertile couples who are carriers of genetic diseases. In this case, MAP is preceded by pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (in line with Constitutional Court Judgment No. 96/2015 – see above).

• Title of the law:

a) Act on the Protection of Embryos [Embryonenschutzgesetz – ESchG];

b) Section 27a of Book V of the Social Code [Fünftes Buch Sozialgesetzbuch – SGB V];

c) Sections 1591 to 1600d, 1682, 1685, 1741 and 1742 of the Civil Code [Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch – BGB];

d) Section 9 of the Act on Registered Life Partnerships [Lebenspartnerschaftsgesetz – LPartG];

e) Section 8b of the Transplantation Act [Transplantationsgesetz – TPG];

f) Tissues and Cells Regulation of the Transplantation Act [TPG-Gewebeverordnung – TPG-GewV];

g) Sperm Donor Register Act [Samenspenderregistergesetz – SaRegG]

• Date of adoption and entry into force:

a) 13 December 1990; 1 January 1991

b) 26 June 1990; 1 January 1989 (as amended)

c) Civil Code as amended by the Act to Law on the reform of guardianship and care law [Gesetz zur Reform des Vormundschafts- und Betreuungsrechts]: 4 May 2021; 1 January 2023

d) 16 February 2001; 1 August 2001

e) 20 July 2007; 1 August 2007

f) 26 March 2008; 5 April 2008

g) 17 July 2017; 1 July 2018

• Published in:

a) German: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/eschg/

b) German: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/sgb_5/

c) German: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/

    English: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/

d) German: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/lpartg/

    English: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_lpartg/

e) German: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tpg/

f) German: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tpg-gewv/

g) German: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/saregg/

• Indicate if process of revision is ongoing and, in your answers, provide information on provision in the draft law:

Ongoing revision of Sections 1591–1600d of the Civil Code and the Sperm Donor Register Act to implement the requirements of the coalition agreement (parenthood agreements prior to conception, automatic assignment of the mother's wife, gender-independent recognition, determination procedure without status consequences, and opening of the Sperm Donor Register Act to sperm donations made before 2018, home inseminations by known donors and embryo donations).

• If no legal instrument please describe the practice:

On the basis of paragraph 16b of the German Transplantation Act the German Medical Association has published Guidelines on the Procurement and Transfer of Human Germ Cells or Germ Cell Tissue in the context of Assisted Reproduction dated 11 March 2022 (Richtlinie zur Entnahme und Übertragung von menschlichen Keimzellen oder Keimzellgewebe im Rahmen der assistierten Reproduktion; https://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BAEK/Themen/Medizin_und_Ethik/RiLi-ass-Reproduktion.pdf).

• Title of the law:

a) The law of Georgia on Health Care (LHC) -  Chapter XXIII Family Planning

b) The Draft law on Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights (DL-RHRR)

• Date of adoption and entry into force:

a) LHC - Adopted by Parliament of Georgia on 10 December 1997

b) DL-RHRR– Submitted to the Georgian Government in December 2003

• Published in: LHC - News of the Parliament, 1997, Dec.
• Indicate if process of revision is ongoing and, in your answers, provide information on provision in the draft law: DL-RHRR– Before submitting the draft law to the Government, it was discussed among main stakeholders within the healthcare system and relevant non-governmental organizations. Professor of Toronto University Bernard Dickens (expert in the field of health law) was involved in the drafting process.

Later the document was sent to the various Ministries, Departments and governmental agencies and their comments have been taken into consideration as well.

The next steps should be: (a) discussions within the apparatus of the President and later (b) debates in the Parliament.

• Title of the law: Act on Assisted Fertility Treatments (laki hedelmöityshoidoista; 1237/2006)
• Date of adoption and entry into force: 22/12/2006; 1 September 2007
• Title: Decree of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health on Assisted Fertility Treatments (Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön asetus hedelmöityshoidoista; 825/2007)
• Date of adoption and entry into force: 29/8/2007; 1 September 2007
• Published in: Statute Book of Finland (Suomen säädöskokoelma)

• Title of the law: Czech Act on Specific Health Services (Act No. 373/2011 Sb.) and related laws
• Date of adoption and entry into force: Adoption 8.12.2011, force 1.4.2012
• Published in Collection of Laws
• Indicate if process of revision is ongoing and, in your answers, provide information on provision in the draft law: Revisions are discussed continuously

• Title of the law: Lagen (2006:351) om genetisk integritet (The Act on Genetic Integrity)
• Date of adoption and entry into force:  Adopted 18/5/2006 and entered into force 1/7/2006.
• Published in: Svensk Författningssamling, SFS

Amendments in the law will enter into force on April 1^st 2016, allowing single females to be fertilized by assisted reproduction. The egg cell must be the single female’s own gametes.

The questions about the requirement of a) a genetic link between one of the parents and the child, and b) whether altruistic surrogacy, if any, should be allowed, were recently assessed. The government inquiry “Olika vägar till föräldraskap (SOU 2016:11)” has in a publication on the 24^th February 2016 proposed to remove the requirement of a genetic link between the child and one of the parents but to not allow surrogacy.

• Title of the law: Ley 14/2006, de 26 de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (Law 14/2006 on assisted reproductive techniques)
• Date of adoption [and entry into force]: 26 May 2006
• Published (entry into force) in: Boletín Oficial del Estado nº 126, 27 May 2006 (the modification of this law has been published in Boletín Oficial del Estado nº 167, 15 October 2015).
• Title of the law: Real Decreto 1030/2006, de 15 de septiembre, por el que se establece la cartera de servicios comunes del Sistema Nacional de Salud y el procedimiento para su actualización (Royal Decree 1030/2006, of 15 September, establishing the porfolio of common services of the National Health System).
• Date of adoption [and entry into force]: 16 September 2006
• Published (entry into force) in: Boletín Oficial del Estado nº 222, 16 September 2006

• Title of the law:

1. Decree of the Ministry of Health dtd 4 February 1997
2. Family Code of Ukraine dtd 1 January 2004
3. Decree N52/5 of the Ministry of Justice dtd 18 October 2000

• Date of adoption and entry into force: 1 january 2004
• Published in: Vydavnychiy dim ‘Kuïb’ 2004

• Title of the law: Regulation on Assisted Reproductive Treatment Centres / Regulation on Assisted Reproductive Treatment Practices and Assisted Reproductive Treatment Centres
• Date of adoption and entry into force: 30.09.2014
• Published in Official Gazette

2. Are there specific criteria for access to MAP? 

Medical reasons:

a. Infertility:

For a heterosexual couple? Yes; For women not living in a heterosexual couple? No

The Law on MAP of the Republic of Lithuania states that MAP can be applied to infertile couples when infertility cannot be treated by any other methods.

b. Risk of transmission of a disease

For a heterosexual couple? Yes; For women not living in a heterosexual couple? No

According to the above-mentioned Law, MAP can also be used if there is a high probability of transmitting a disease, which could cause severe disability to a future child.

c. Other No