18. Is there:
a. any public discussion about the topic Yes
b. planning of new regulation at national level Yes
19. Please specify any additional relevant aspects which were not mentioned.
Draft proposal on surrogacy from Iceland
Background
Main elements of the proposed Icelandic legislation on Altruistic Surrogacy
1. Is surrogacy regulated by a specific law in your country? No specific law, but specific provisions in more general laws
2. Is surrogacy regulated in another way? (please specify) No. It is considered illegal in Sweden because by Swedish law (lagen (2006:351) om genetisk integritet) a woman may only be inseminated or implanted if it is done with either her egg cells or her partner’s semen. In the case of single women it needs to be her own egg cells. A breach against this regulation for economical gain is sanctioned.
3. Has surrogacy been the subject of jurisprudence/court cases in your country? No. Not surrogacy as such, but the consequences for a child conceived by surrogacy are not accommodated to the situation, and therefore there are court rulings in adoption cases/ custodianship of children. As late as March 18th 2016 the Court of Appeal admitted a genetic mother to adopt twins conceived by surrogacy abroad (Svea Hovrätt, ÖÄ 945-16). In January 20th 2015 The Court of Appeal concluded that an American court decision declaring two men as the legal parents of a child born after a surrogacy arrangement in the United States should be accepted in Sweden. One of the men was the genetic father of the child (Svea Hovrätt Ö9822-14), (The Court of Appeal gave a similar ruling on 7th October 2014 in Svea Hovrätt Ö6952-14.) In an early case in the Supreme Court on 7th July 2006 the genetic mother was denied adoption because the genetic father and the surrogate mother (who was the sister of the genetic father) withdrew their consents after the couple had separated.
4. Is there a legal definition of the term “surrogacy”? (please specify) No
13. Who is recognised as the legal parent(s) of a child born following surrogacy? As surrogacy is not recognised by law in Türkiye, there is not any answer to this question.
a. surrogate mother
b. oocyte donor
c. sperm donor
d. intended mother
e. intended father
14. Do mechanisms exist to transfer parentage from the surrogate mother to the intended parent(s) (e.g. adoption procedures)?No
15. Is the existence of a genetic link required for establishing paternity/maternity? Yes. This can be done in case of any forensic medicine queries, not for surrogacy context which is unlawful in Türkiye
16. Are the other parties involved mentioned in the birth certificate or other official document connected to the birth? No
a. surrogate mother
b. oocyte donor
c. sperm donor
d. intended mother
e. intended father
17. Are foreign birth certificates in surrogacy cases registered in your country No
8. Can the surrogate also be the oocyte donor? NA
5. Is surrogacy prohibited in your country?
a. any form of surrogacy No
b. only specific forms of surrogacy (e.g. commercial) (please specify) Commercial
1. Is surrogacy regulated by a specific law in your country? No
2. Is surrogacy regulated in another way? (please specify) Yes
a. family code art 2 and 123
b. Ministry of Health of Ukraine, orders N 52/5 jan18x2000
3. Has surrogacy been the subject of jurisprudence/court cases in your country? Yes. Very rare, when conflict during the surrogacy process appeared.
4. Is there a legal definition of the term “surrogacy”? (please specify) Yes. Order N787 from 9/09/2013 on medically assisted procreation and reproductive technologies.
11. If surrogacy is forbidden, is the conduct of the following persons criminalised by the law? NA
a. surrogate mother
b. intended parent(s)
c. gamete donor
d. facilitator
12. Subject to the applicable law, are you aware of the following unlawful practices in your country? No
a. remuneration of the surrogate
b. remuneration of the gamete donor
c. advertising for surrogacy services
d. remuneration of facilitators
e. any other unlawful practices (please specify)
8. Can the surrogate also be the oocyte donor? Yes
18. Is there:
a. any public discussion about the topic Yes
b. planning of new regulation at national level Yes
19. Please specify any additional relevant aspects which were not mentioned.
Draft law no 6568 proposes to prohibit surrogacy (“any agreement for surrogacy is void”).
See the recent opinion of the NEC: MAP, Surrogacy anonymously: so many ethical challenges to society (pages 24-26)
http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/Avis_26.pdf
8. Can the surrogate also be the oocyte donor? Yes. Oocyte donation is regulated by the same law as surrogacy (Law on Infertility Treatment with Assisted Reproductive Technologies). Instead of surrogacy which is prohibited, oocyte donation is allowed, and the criteria are specified.