6. Is donation of sperm Yes/oocytes No/embryos* permitted in your country? Yes.
*Embryo donation per se is not regulated by law. However, the Embryo Protection Act provides that an oocyte may only be artificially fertilised for the purpose of bringing about a pregnancy in the same woman from whom the oocyte has been obtained (Section 1(1) number 2 of the Embryo Protection Act) and that it is prohibited to remove an embryo from a woman before its nidation is completed, in order to transfer it to another woman (Section 1(1) number 6 Embryo Protection Act). In addition, the Embryo Protection Act incorporates provisions aimed to prevent the creation of supernumerary embryos in the course of artificial fertilisation (especially the ban on the artificial fertilisation of more oocytes than can be inserted into a woman within one cycle – Section 1(1) number 5 Embryo Protection Act). Consequently, permissible embryo donation is only conceivable in exceptional instances where an artificially created embryo can unexpectedly no longer be transferred to the woman from whom the oocyte originated.
7. Are there specific compensation arrangements for donations of sperm/oocytes/embryos? No
8. Are there specific criteria for donation of sperm Yes/oocytes/embryos?
Gametes may be used for medically assisted procreation only after full medical assessment and if their use is medically indicated and the protection of the recipient’s and the child’s health is guaranteed (Section 6(1) of the Tissues and Cells Regulation of the Transplantation Act). The use of sperm cells for heterologous fertilisation as a medically assisted procreation technique furthermore requires that the sperm donor is medically assessed as suitable for sperm donation with regard to his age, state of health and medical history and that the use of the donated sperm will not pose any health risks to others. The necessary donor information must be collected by questionnaire and by means of a subsequent personal interview with the donor by the physician.
An age limit exists for eligibility to cost coverage by the health insurance funds (see response to question 4).
9. Are there specific non-medical criteria for selection of gametes/embryos to be used for MAP? No
10. Are there special measures for the prevention of consanguinity? No. As part of a voluntary commitment physicians, sperm banks and laboratories have limited the number of offspring from a sperm donation to 15 (Richtlinien des Arbeitskreises für Donogene Insemination zur Qualitätssicherung der Behandlung mit Spendersamen in Deutschland).
11. In a homosexual couple, is a legal relationship possible between a child and the partner of the legal parent? Yes.
German law includes the following provisions governing the legal relationship between the child and the spouse of the legal parent:
- Authority of the spouse/registered partner of a parent who has the sole parental care (decision-making authority) about the child to have a say in matters of daily life (so-called “small care” – Section 1687b(1) of the Civil Code, Section 9(1)of the Act on Registered Life Partnership). In case of imminent danger, the spouse/registered partner is also entitled to perform all acts necessary for the child's welfare (Section 1687b(2) of the Civil Code, Section 9(2) of the Act on Registered Life Partnership).
- Right of contact with the child, if a “family-like social relationship” has evolved between the parent’s spouse and the child (Section 1685(2) of the Civil Code),
- In case the child has been living in one household with one parent who dies or is no longer able to exercise parental care or whose parental care has been suspended, the court may deny the other parent’s request to give the child to him or her and order that the child should stay with the spouse/registered partner of the first parent (ex officio or by request of that spouse), provided the child has been living in that household for a longer time (Section 1682 sentence 2 of the Civil Code). Similar rules apply for staying with the partner of a deceased parent or a parent who cannot exercise his or her parental care.
Pursuant to Section 1741(2) sentence 4 of the Civil Code/Section 9(7) sentence 1 of the Act on Registered Life Partnership, a spouse/registered partner is entitled to adopt his or her spouse’s/registered partner’s biological child. According to Section 1742 of the Civil Code/Section 9(7) sentence 2 of the Act on Registered Life Partnership, a spouse/registered partner may also adopt the child adopted by his or her spouse/registered partner. There is no longer a distinction between heterosexual and homosexual married couples, registered partners or between married and unmarried stable couples in case they want to adopt the child of their partner (Section 1766a of the Civil Code). In addition, married couples regardless of the sex of the spouses may adopt any other child as common parents, whereas unmarried couples and registered partners do not have this option to become common parents of the child simultaneously. They have to adopt the child successively.