16. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos anonymous? Yes
17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child born after gametes of embryo donation?
i. For the child him or herself No; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court Yes
a. Identity of the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself NA; ii. For the parents NA; iii. For a court Yes
b. Certain health information concerning the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself NA; ii. For the parents NA; iii. For a court Yes
c. Other information
i. For the child him or herself No; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court Yes
18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions? Yes
19. Is there an important current debate in your country on these or related issues? Updating of the national regulation is intended in the next future.
20. Delegations are invited to provide information, in this section, on particular cases encountered in their country, and especially their case-law. In 2015 a case has been concluded by the Hungarian supreme court (Kúria) where paternity was contested after MAP based on the exception if the husband had not consented to the MAP intervention.
The married couple separated shortly after the birth of the child. The couple had agreed about procreating a child with MAP intervention. The separated husband contested his paternity because a genetic DNA test excluded his biological parentship while supported that of the mother. The court has accepted the action of the ex-husband not to be the father based on the fact that he consented to generate a child with MAP but did not consent to the actual intervention; the document of consent did not contain that the sperm might come from a foreign donor. Not the fact that he could not be the biological father but the lack of a legally valid declaration of consent served as the base of the judgement. (Case EBH2015 P.8.)
1. Is access to medically assisted procreation (MAP)
a. restricted to heterosexual couples?
b. possible for women not living in a heterosexual couple?
Based on the principles of equality and non-discrimination, it is proposed that the legislation will provide that assisted human reproduction services should be available to people irrespective of their gender, marital status or sexual orientation subject to consideration of the welfare of any future children.
Both laws are in force now in Greece:
This law mostly regulates issues of affiliation with the child to be born by medically assisted reproduction. This law also legalizes post-mortem insemination and surrogate motherhood, under certain conditions which are specified in the relevant articles.
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In 2005, Law 3305 was enacted regarding Medically Assisted Procreation in Greece. Whereas the previous law 3089 regulates mainly issues of affiliation of the child to be born with her parents, this law supplements the previous one and mainly regulates the way in which Units of MAP function. It describes the methods of MAP, conditions of application, informed consent issues, cryopreservation of gametes, gamete donation, embryo research, surrogacy, traceability etc. Moreover it provides for both administrative and penal sanctions for the perpetrators in case of violation of the law. It also establishes the responsible control mechanism, namely the National Authority for Medically Assisted Reproduction. According to this law methods of MAR are applied in a way which safeguards respect to the freedom of the individual and the right to development of personality (i.e. a right protected by the Greek Constitution), as well as the satisfaction of the desire to have a child , always according to the principles of Bioethics. The law further stipulates that the above mentioned application shall always take into consideration the welfare of the child to be born.
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16. Is donation of sperm/oocytes /embryos anonymous? sperm No/oocytes - /embryos No
With regard to the question of whether sperm donations for MAP purposes may remain anonymous, recourse is made to the ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court which states that the general right of personality (Article 2(1) in conjunction with Article 1(1) of the Basic Law [Grundgesetz – GG]) also applies to the child’s knowledge of his/her parentage and protects against the withholding of obtainable information about one’s parentage (consistent past decisions since the Federal Constitutional Court decision of 31 January 1989 – 1 BvL 17/87 - BVerfGE 79, 256). Therefore, the Sperm Donor Register Act provides that the physician who oversees the sperm donation must ensure that the child will later on be able to find out who his/her father is. Anonymising the sperm donation or the use of pooled sperm for artificial fertilisation is not permissible. According to the Model Guidelines of the German Medical Association on the performance of assisted reproduction, the physician must inform the sperm donor that he/she is required to disclose the name of the donor to the child on request and cannot, in this regard, invoke medical confidentiality.
In January 2015, the Federal Court of Justice (Judgment of 28 January 2015 – XII ZR 201/13, BGHZ 204, 54) ruled that children have the right to ask the treating reproductive health physician or sperm bank to disclose the name of the sperm donor from the medical treatment agreement between the parents and the clinic.
These principles were implemented in the Sperm Donor Register Act.
The same rules apply for the donation of embryos, as far as permitted under the Health Law. The coalition agreement provides for the opportunity to submit information about embryo donations to the Sperm Donor Register, this is subject to ongoing legislation.
Regarding oocytes, German Law does not permit any oocyte donation. Therefore, there is no rule in place to identify the genetic mother of a child born by another woman. Section 1591 of the Civil Code determines legal motherhood in terms of gestation only, the woman who gestates is the mother of the child. Whether a court can require a mother to inform the child about his or her genetic mother has not been tested yet in jurisprudence.
17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child born after gametes of embryo donation?
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No
Pursuant to Section 10(1) of the Sperm Donor Register Act a person who assumes to have been conceived through sperm donation has the right to information from the sperm donor register (limited to the child seeking information or his or her parents as legal representatives of the child underage).
a. Identity of the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No
See response to question 17.
Unlike the child, the legal parents are not entitled to learn the identity of the sperm donor. Pursuant to the data protection provisions under the Transplantation Act, the sperm donor and the legal parents are to remain anonymous to one another.
In case of litigation, courts have to decide on the above-mentioned rights; however, the courts themselves are not intrinsically entitled to request information about the parentage of a child.
b. Certain health information concerning the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself No; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No
Pursuant to Section 2(3) of the Sperm Donor Register Act voluntary information about the sperm donor can be recorded in the sperm donor register. Unless the Donor withdraws his consent to store and use this data, the child is entitled to receive respective information upon request.
c. Other information
i. For the child him or herself No; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No
See response to question 17b.
In case of litigation, courts have to decide on the above-mentioned rights; however, the courts themselves are not intrinsically entitled to request information about the parentage of a child.
18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions?
German law does not provide for maternity to be challenged. A child’s mother is – also where MAP has been used – the woman who has given birth to him/her (Section 1591 of the Civil Code). In rare cases the woman registered as the mother is in fact not the biological mother of the child; in those cases, however, the correction of the birth register (to replace this woman by the woman who has borne this child) is carried out by the civil status authority outside a contestation proceeding.
In contrast, it is in principle possible to challenge the paternity of children born as a result of assisted reproduction (Sections 1599 et seqq. of the Civil Code). The persons entitled to do so are the legal father, the man who declares in lieu of an oath that he had sexual intercourse with the mother of the child during the period of conception, the mother and the child (Section 1600 (1) of the Civil Code). However, any challenge to paternity by the father and the mother is excluded if they have both agreed to the artificial fertilisation (Section 1600(4) of the Civil Code). A challenge to paternity by the sperm donor fails because he cannot affirm on oath that he has had sexual intercourse with the mother. The child, however, is entitled to challenge paternity if donor-assisted MAP has taken place.
2. Are there specific criteria for access to MAP?
Medical reasons:
a. Infertility:
For a heterosexual couple? Yes; For women not living in a heterosexual couple? Yes
b. Risk of transmission of a disease
For a heterosexual couple? Yes; For women not living in a heterosexual couple? Yes
On the basis of Section 3a(2) of the Embryo Protection Act a pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is exceptionally permitted where the genetic predisposition of the woman from whom the egg cell was collected, or that of the man producing the sperm cell, or both, suggest that their offspring will be highly likely to have a serious genetic illness or to identify an abnormality that would be highly likely to lead to still-birth or miscarriage. With regard to the further requirements for a pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, reference is made to Section 3a(2) and (3) of the Embryo Protection Act. The execution of the MAP, in these cases, depends on the result of the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis.
c. Other
Pursuant to Section 6(2) of the Tissues and Cells Regulation of the Transplantation Act, the use of sperm cells for heterologous fertilisation, as a medically assisted procreation technique requires that the sperm donor is medically assessed as suitable for sperm donation, regarding his age, state of health and medical history and that the use of the donated sperm will not pose any health risks to others. Sperm donors are selected according to the criteria and laboratory tests laid down in Annex 4 Numbers 2 und 3 of the Tissues and Cells Regulation of the Transplantation Act. Annex 4 has implemented the selection criteria and laboratory tests for donors of reproductive cells laid down in Annex III of the Directive 2006/17/EC of 8 February 2006 as regards certain technical requirements for the donation, procurement and testing of human tissues and cells in national law. For this purpose, in particular, the donors’ serum or plasma samples must be tested and found negative for HIV 1 and 2, HCV, HBV and syphilis. Furthermore, urine samples of sperm donors must be tested and found negative for chlamydia by the nucleic acid amplification technique (NAT).
Additional aspects are set out in the Guidelines of the German Medical Association, paragraph 2.7.
Indicate if process of revision is ongoing and, in your answers, provide information on provision in the draft law: not actually
Indicate if process of revision is ongoing and, in your answers, provide information on provision in the draft law: intention of revision in the near future
19. Is there an important current debate in your country on these or related issues? Yes. Legislation pertaining to assisted human reproduction (AHR) is currently being developed. The draft General Scheme of legislative provisions has been completed and submitted to the relevant parliamentary committee which published the report of its review in July 2019, making recommendations which include proposals related to both broad policy objectives and more technical amendments. Its recommendations are being considered during the ongoing process of drafting this the AHR Bill. Until the enactment of the Children and Family Relationships Act 2015, the provision on assisted human reproduction treatment was largely unregulated. There has been and will continue to be widespread stakeholder engagement and national debate on these sensitive and complex matters.
20. Delegations are invited to provide information, in this section, on particular cases encountered in their country, and especially their case-law.
Roche -v- Roche & ors (2009)
Supreme Court unanimously dismissed an appeal by a separated mother requesting to have three frozen embryos implanted in her womb against the wishes of her estranged husband.
The appeal was brought on the following grounds:
Judgment
Legally Enforceable Agreement:
During their treatment the parties signed four consent forms as required by the clinic. As consent forms, they were found not to contain the necessary criteria for legal contracts.
None of the consent forms dealt with the three surplus frozen embryos, therefore, there was no evidence that the respondent gave his consent to their implantation.
Constitutional Protection:
Article 40.3.3 of the Irish Constitution protects the right to life of the unborn “with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother”. The Court interpreted this provision as meaning there must be a physical link between the unborn and the mother i.e. implantation in the womb.
The Court decided that the purpose of the 8th Amendment to the Constitution (1983 Referendum) was to prevent the de-criminalisation of abortion and that issues relating to IVF were not considered or foreseen.
A number of the Judgments stated that if respect for an embryo were carried to the point of equating it to the “unborn” a situation might arise where some methods of contraception e.g. morning after pill would be outlawed.
High Court Ruling: http://www.courts.ie/Judgments.nsf/bce24a8184816f1580256ef30048ca50/e5617d292b7b6b268025724800329992?OpenDocument
Supreme Court Ruling: http://www.courts.ie/Judgments.nsf/0/0973CBD1FD5204028025768D003D60F7
MR and Anor – v- An tArd Chlaraitheoir & Ors [2014]
This case concerned an arrangement whereby a woman agreed to act as a surrogate for her sister and brother-in-law (the commissioning couple). The commissioning couple provided the genetic material (egg and sperm), which ultimately resulted in the birth of twins. The commissioning couple sought to have the birth register altered so that both the commissioning couple were registered as the legal parents. The Registrar refused to do so, on the principle that he woman who has given birth to a child is always regarded as the legal mother. That refusal was challenged in the High Court.
In his judgment of 5th March 2013, Judge Abbott found in favour of the commissioning couple. He held that the genetic mother, and not the birth mother, was the mother, and that the person with the genetic/blood link was entitled to be registered as the parent on the birth certificate.
In February 2014, the State appealed Judge Abbott’s decision on the grounds that: it could create uncertainty regarding the parentage and parental rights of children born as a result of egg donation; demean the role of birth mother; lead to an opinion that commercial surrogacy is not unlawful; and result in the Registrar requiring genetic proof of maternity for every birth.
In November 2014 the Supreme Court overturned the High Court decision on the basis that the case had raised important, complex and social issues which are best addressed by the Oireachtas rather than the judiciary.
High Court Ruling: http://www.courts.ie/Judgments.nsf/bce24a8184816f1580256ef30048ca50/e3f0dc917872554c80257b250052dab3?OpenDocument
Supreme Court Ruling: http://www.courts.ie/Judgments.nsf/0/E238E39A6E756AB480257D890054DCB6
Children and Family Relationships Act 2015 – Parts 2 and 3 deals with parentage matters arising from donor assisted human reproduction. It is available at http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/9/enacted/en/html
6. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos permitted in your country? Yes. Under the Children and Family Relationships Act 2015, gamete and embryo donation are permitted on a non-anonymous basis. In addition, this legislation provides for the establishment of a National Donor-Conceived Person Register, which will allow donor-conceived children to access certain information regarding the gamete/embryo donor involved in procedures leading to their conception. It is intended that the proposed legislation pertaining to assisted human reproduction will deal with the broader issues relating to donor conception (e.g. age limits, screening, storage periods, the avoidance of consanguinity and donation for research purposes).
7. Are there specific compensation arrangements for donations of sperm/oocytes/embryos? Yes. Under the Children and Family Relationships Act 2015, commercial gamete and embryo donation is prohibited. Gamete and Embryo donation may only operate on an altruistic basis and the reimbursement of reasonable expenses incurred as part of the donation process will be permitted. Reasonable expenses, for the purposes of the Act means: travel costs, medical expenses and any legal or counselling costs incurred by the donor.
8. Are there specific criteria for donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos? Yes. The Children and Family Relationships Act 2015, sets out a number of criteria in relation to the consent of gamete/embryo donors. For instance, a donor must be over 18 and must give consent in writing, having confirmed that s/he has been informed that s/he will not be the parent of a child born through the donation. The consent must be witnessed. The donor must agree, when consenting, to the inclusion of information about him/her on the National Donor-Conceived Person Register. The consent must also indicate that the donor understands that a donor-conceived child may seek to contact her/him. Assisted human reproduction clinics should be satisfied that where donated gametes/embryos are being imported from another jurisdiction, the consent process in the other jurisdiction is in line with the stipulations set out above. Under the proposed assisted human reproduction legislation, donors will undergo medical screening in accordance with requirements set out under SI No. 158/2006 European Communities (Quality and Safety of Human Tissues and Cells) Regulations 2006
9. Are there specific non-medical criteria for selection of gametes/embryos to be used for MAP? No
10. Are there special measures for the prevention of consanguinity? Ireland has a relatively small population size, which could increase the risks of inadvertent consanguinity between individuals conceived using gametes from the same donor. It is proposed that the assisted human reproduction legislation will place a maximum limit of four families to which gametes/embryos from the same donor can be donated.
11. In a homosexual couple, is a legal relationship possible between a child and the partner of the legal parent? Yes.
Under the Children and Family Relationships Act 2015, the parents of a donor-conceived child who is born as a result of a donor assisted human reproduction procedure are
(a) the mother, and
(b) the husband, civil partner or cohabitant, as the case may be, of the mother.
The Act of 2015 does not encompass surrogacy.
19. Is there an important current debate in your country on these or related issues? NA
20. Delegations are invited to provide information, in this section, on particular cases encountered in their country, and especially their case-law.