19. Is there an important current debate in your country on these or related issues? These issues are currently being discussed in medical faculties, medical doctors' councils and among lawyers.
20. Delegations are invited to provide information, in this section, on particular cases encountered in their country, and especially their case-law. -
3. Are MAP procedures covered by the social security system? Yes
4. Are there specific criteria for such coverage? Yes.
Age limit for treatment of infertility with MAP was 40 years, since 2022 is changed:
The service is intended for insured persons, women up to the age of 45 in accordance with the Rule book on the content and scope of the right to health care from compulsory health insurance and on participation for the year 2022.
5. Is the financial coverage limited to a number of MAP procedures? Yes. Three stimulated procedures of biomedically assisted fertilization with donated spermatozoa, three procedures of biomedically assisted fertilization with donated egg cells, as well as three cryoembryotransfers with donated spermatozoa or egg cells in a woman up to the age of 45, if one of the partners (marital or common-law) does not have a child.
3. Are MAP procedures covered by the social security system? No. First step is made to cover one cycle in case of bilateral tubectomy.
4. Are there specific criteria for such coverage? Yes.
5. Is the financial coverage limited to a number of MAP procedures? Yes. Only one IVF procedure.
16. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos anonymous?
sperm No / oocytes No / embryos No
Due to amendments to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act – the law overseeing the use of fertility treatment in the UK – donor conceived people born after 1 April 2005 can request identifying information about their donor from the HFEA once they reach 18 years old. This, however, means that there are different information access rights depending on when the donor conceived person was conceived. These are set out below.
17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child born after gametes of embryo donation?
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court Yes
The HFE Act 1990 (as amended) allows donor conceived people to apply for non- identifying information about the donor, if available, such as family medical history, hair/eye colour and interests, when they reach 16. If they were conceived after 1 April 2005, when the donor conceived person reaches 18 years old, they may apply to the HFEA to receive identifying information about their donor.
Parents of children conceived through donor conception can access non identifying information about the donor from the HFEA.
Section 34 of the HFE Act 1990 permits the Authority to make disclosure where it is necessary for the purposes of instituting proceedings under the Congenital Disabilities Act.
a. Identity of the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court Yes
b. Certain health information concerning the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents Yes; iii. For a court Yes
c. Other information
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents Yes; iii. For a court Yes
18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions? Yes.
Whether patients’ own gametes are used in assisted fertility treatment or whether donor gametes are used, where the couple is either married or in a civil partnership, both parents will be the legal parents of any child born from the treatment from the date of birth of the child. The law endeavours to put couples who have had assisted fertility treatment in a similar position to couples who conceive naturally as regards legal parenthood and parental responsibility. It is however possible for the father or second parent (in the case of a female same sex couple who are in a civil partnership) to resist legal parenthood but only where the person can demonstrate that he or she did not consent to their partner’s treatment (see section 35(1) and section 42(1) of the HFE Act 2008).
When donor gametes are used in treatment, and where the couple having treatment is neither married nor in a civil partnership, the second parent (i.e. not the birth mother) can acquire legal parentage if the agreed parenthood conditions are met (see section 37 and 44 of the HFE Act 2008). In cases where the agreed parenthood conditions are not met, parenthood will be in question and in order to establish legal parenthood, the couple would need to seek a declaration of parenthood from Court.
Further information on legal parenthood can be found on these pages of the HFEA website:
https://www.hfea.gov.uk/treatments/explore-all-treatments/becoming-the-legal-parents-of-your-child/
Definitions of mother and father in accordance to (HFE) Act 2008 are as follows:
Meaning of "mother"
(1) The woman who is carrying or has carried a child as a result of the placing in her of an embryo or of sperm and eggs, and no other woman, is to be treated as the mother of the child.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to any child to the extent that the child is treated by virtue of adoption as not being the woman’s child.
(3) Subsection (1) applies whether the woman was in the United Kingdom or elsewhere at the time of the placing in her of the embryo or the sperm and eggs.
Meaning of "father"
35 Women married at time of treatment
(1) If -
(a) at the time of the placing in her of the embryo or of the sperm and eggs or of her artificial insemination, the woman was a party to a marriage, and
(b) the creation of the embryo carried by her was not brought about with the sperm of the other party to the marriage, then, subject to section 38(2) to (4), the other party to the marriage is to be treated as the father of the child unless it is shown that he did not consent to the placing in her of the embryo or the sperm and eggs or to her artificial insemination (as the case may be).
(2) This section applies whether the woman was in the United Kingdom or elsewhere at the time mentioned in subsection (1)(a)
19. Is there an important current debate in your country on these or related issues? It is necessary to renew Decree of the Ministry of Health.
20. Delegations are invited to provide information, in this section, on particular cases encountered in their country, and especially their case-law. NA
19. Is there an important current debate in your country on these or related issues? As referred to at 18 above, in cases where the agreed parenthood conditions of the HFE Act 2008 have not been met, legal parenthood does not automatically follow for the second parent. In such cases one of the only remedies for the second parent to seek a declaration of legal parenthood from the Court. See for example the recent case (Neutral Citation Number: [2015] EWHC 2602 (Fam) which can be found here: https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/parentage.pdf
20. Delegations are invited to provide information, in this section, on particular cases encountered in their country, and especially their case-law.
R (TT) v Registrar General for England and Wales & Ors ((2019) EWHC 2384 (Fam))
The case concerns a transgender man (TT) who has a gender recognition certificate (GRC) confirming that he is male for all legal purposes except the limited exceptions set out in the Gender Recognition Act 2004 (GRA). TT had artificial insemination using donor sperm in a licenced fertility clinic, fell pregnant as a result, gave birth to a child, in 2017. He tried to register the birth as the father but was refused by the Registrar General (RG) who was only able to register the birth with TT as the mother. The birth has remained unregistered.
The judgement was handed down on 25 September 2019. The judge supported the Government’s position that a person who gives birth to a child (i.e. including a trans man such as TT) will be the child’s mother. The Government’s view is that the judgment has no effect on the availability of regulated fertility treatment in the UK. The Government considers that regulated fertility treatment is currently, and will remain, equally available to all (trans) women and (trans) men under the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Acts.
16. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos anonymous? sperm Yes/oocytes Yes/embryos -
See art.18 reg.568/1997 (If a donor wishes to remain anonymous, health workers are obliged to ensure that this is respected. In this case, the donor may neither receive information about the couple receiving the donated gamete or the child, nor the couple or the child receive information about the donor. If a donor does not wish to remain anonymous, the institution shall preserve information about him in a special file. If the donation of gamete leads to the birth of a child, information about the child and the couple who received the gamete shall be kept in the same file. A child born on account of a gamete donation where the donor does not wish to remain anonymous can at the age of 18 gain access to a file pursuant to paragraph 2 for the purpose of obtaining information about the identity of the donor. If a child receives information about the gamete donor at the institution, the said institution shall as soon as possible inform the donor that the information has been given.)
17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child born after gametes of embryo donation?
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No
The child cannot obtain information if the donor has wished to remain anonymous, See art.18 reg.568/1997.
a. Identity of the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No
The child cannot obtain information if the donor has wished to remain anonymous, See art.18 reg.568/1997.
b. Certain health information concerning the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No
The child cannot obtain information if the donor has wished to remain anonymous, See art.18 reg.568/1997.
c. Other information
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No
The child cannot obtain information if the donor has wished to remain anonymous, See art.18 reg.568/1997.
18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions? No. See art.6, Act in respect of Children, no. 76/2003 (A man who has agreed that his wife be artificially inseminated according to the Act on is deemed to be the father of a child so conceived. The same applies to a man and a woman who have registered their cohabitation with the National Registry. A man who donates sperm for the purpose of it being used in artificial insemination of a woman other than his wife or cohabiting spouse, cf. paragraph 1, according to the provisions of the Act on Artificial Insemination will not be deemed to be the father of a child conceived with his sperm. -A man who donates sperm for another purpose than stipulated in paragraph 2 is deemed to be the father of a child conceived with his sperm unless the sperm is used without his knowledge or after his decease.)
16. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos anonymous?
sperm No / oocytes No / embryos NA. Sperm or oocyte donors cannot be anonymous.
17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child born after gametes of embryo donation?
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No. Children born after sperm donation have the right to know the identity of their donor when they (the children) reach the age of 15 (or 18 for those born from sperm donated before 2021).
a. Identity of the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No.
b. Certain health information concerning the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself No; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No. For donors recruited in Norway, the parents will be familiar with the general criteria for selection of a donor (good physical and mental health, no serious inheritable disease; as well as the test regimes) but will not have any other information about the donor. Norway allows import of sperm or oocytes from banks established outside of Norway, but only if they can provide sperm/oocytes from open donors, and in conformity with the relevant EC directives. Oocytes can only be imported from other Nordic countries.
c. Other information
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents No; iii. For a court No. At the age of 15 (or 18, se previous text), the child can obtain information about the identity of the donor (name and address according to the registry and if necessary, date of birth and national identity number). This is the only information that will be provided.
18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions? Yes.
according to family law the woman who gave birth to a child is the child's mother.
2. Are there specific criteria for access to MAP?
Medical reasons:
a. Infertility:
For a heterosexual couple? Yes; For women not living in a heterosexual couple? Yes
b. Risk of transmission of a disease
For a heterosexual couple Yes?; For women not living in a heterosexual couple? Yes
c. Other Yes
There is a screening on sexually transmitted diseases.
6. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos permitted in your country? See comment on relevant legal instruments
7. Are there specific compensation arrangements for donations of sperm/oocytes/embryos? NA
8. Are there specific criteria for donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos? NA
9. Are there specific non-medical criteria for selection of gametes/embryos to be used for MAP? NA
10. Are there special measures for the prevention of consanguinity? NA
11. In a homosexual couple, is a legal relationship possible between a child and the partner of the legal parent? NA
16. Are donation of the sperm/oocytes/embryos anonymous?
Yes, specify the legal provisions. Law 12/2019, of the 15th February, described as techniques of assisted reproduction
17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child bornn after gametes or embryo donation for the child/for the parents/for the court?
Yes for the child
No for the parents
18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions?
No
19. Is there an important current debate in your country on these or related issues? If so, what might the implications be?
NA
20. Particular cases encountered in your country, and expecially, their case-law
NA
3. Are MAP procedures covered by teh social secutiy system? NA
4. Are there specific criteria for such coverage? NA
5. Is the financial coverage limited to a number of MAP procedures? NA
16. Is donation of sperm, oocytes and embryos anonymous?
No
17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child born after gametes or embryo donation? For the child? For the parents? For a court?
Yes
In particular: identity of the donors for the child, for the parents, for a court?
Yes
Certain health information concerning the donor(s), for the child, for the parents, for a court?
Yes, details in § 20 Law on Medical Assisted Procreation “Fortpflanzungsmedizingesetz”.
18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions (family law provisions)?
Yes, under Austrian law, the mother is the woman who gave birth to the child. The father is the husband of the mother, or the man who recognized paternity or whose fatherhood was imposed by the court. The donor of sperm/eggs is excluded by law from fatherhood/motherhood.
Regulations see § 144 and §145 Austrian Civil Code “Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch”
1. Is access to medically assisted procreation (MAP)
a. restricted to heterosexual couples? Yes
b. possible for women nnot living in a heterosexual couple? Yes
2. Are there specific criteria for access to MAP?
- Medical reasons:
a. Infertility
i. for a heterosexual couple? Yes
ii. for women not living in a heterosexual couple? Yes
b. Risk of transmission of a disease (please specify the risk and/or disease)
i. for a heterosexual couple? Yes
ii. for women not living in a heterosexual couple? Yes
19. Is there an important current debate in your country on these or related issues? NA
20. Particular cases encountered in your country, and especially your case-law, in relation to the questions appearing in Sections I and II above
The law on reproductive health is being elaborated. Many aspects of MAP were included during discussions on the draft law.
Title of the law: Medically Assisted Procreation and Destination of Supernumerary Embryos and Gametes Act of 6 July 2007
Entry into force 27 July 2007
Published in: the Moniteur belge [Official Gazette] on 17 July 2007, p.38575
Articles 26 and 55, paragraph 2, of the Act, inserted by a law of 10 April 2014 and entered into force on 10 May 2014 provides that if the two authors of the parental project are two women, they are considered as a single woman, when counting the maximum of six women who can give birth to children from gametes or surplus embryos from one donor or donor couple.
1. Is access to medically assisted procreation (MAP)
a. restricted to heterosexual couples? No
b. possible for women not living in a heterosexual couple? No
The 2007 Act makes no mention of such a restriction. Each centre is free to accept or refuse requests from homosexual couples.
16. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos anonymous?
NA
17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child born after gametes or embryo donation?
i. For the child him or herself NA
ii. For the parents NA
iii. For a court NA
18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions?
NA
Le 12 juin 2005 a eu lieu un référendum populaire pour modifier plusieurs dispositions de cette loi. L’abrogation de ces dispositions a été rejetée, le taux d’abstention ayant été de 74 % (51 % de votes favorables auraient été nécessaires pour changer la loi).
Résumé
1. Protection des désirs de maternité/paternité et règles d’exercice des droits découlant de la loi n° 40/2004.
L’accès aux techniques de procréation assistée est réservé à des couples hétérosexuels majeurs, mariés ou menant une vie commune, dont les membres sont tous deux vivants et en âge de procréer.
Il est interdit aux personnes célibataires et aux homosexuels.
Le couple qui demande un accès aux techniques de procréation (médicalement) assistée doit produire un certificat médical attestant l’existence d’une stérilité ou d’une infertilité pour lesquelles il n’existe aucune autre solution possible.
Le consentement, écrit et librement révocable jusqu’au moment de la fécondation in vitro de l’ovocyte, est obligatoirement précédé d’une information sur le plan technique, juridique, et éthique ainsi que sur le coût des procédures et sur les conséquences possibles des techniques de procréation assistée pour l’enfant à naître.
Lors de l’entretien avec le responsable du centre médical, les couples sont également informés des possibilités d’adopter un enfant ou de devenir famille d’accueil d’un enfant en vue de son adoption (loi n° 184 du 4 mai 1983).
Un délai de réflexion de sept jours doit être respecté avant le début des procédures de procréation assistée.
Ces techniques sont appliquées de manière progressive en commençant par les moins invasives afin d’éviter de recourir à des interventions dont le caractère invasif, au plan technique et psychologique, les rend plus pénibles pour les personnes concernées.
Le médecin responsable du centre médical est en droit de prendre la décision de ne pas recourir aux techniques de procréation assistée, exclusivement pour des raisons médicales ou de santé.
La cryoconservation des gamètes masculins et féminins est autorisée, à condition que les personnes concernées aient été informées et y aient donné leur consentement écrit.
La loi, dans sa formulation d’origine, interdisait le recours à des techniques de type hétérologue (avec don de gamètes d’un tiers extérieur au couple). L’intervention de la Cour constitutionnelle (arrêt n° 162 de 2014) a supprimé cette interdiction.
2.Protection de l’enfant à naître
Le statut juridique de l’enfant né par techniques de procréation assistée est celui d’un enfant légitime ou reconnu par le couple. Le désaveu de paternité est exclu en cas de fécondation hétérologue. Le donneur de gamètes n’acquiert aucun lien juridique de parenté avec l’enfant né (aucun droit ni devoir).
La mère ne peut plus, au moment de l’accouchement, déclarer sa volonté de ne pas être connue, comme cela est autorisé pour la conception naturelle (Décret du Président de la République n° 396 du 3 novembre 2000).
3.Protection de l’embryon
Il est interdit de procéder à la cryoconservation ou à la suppression d’embryons, sous réserve des dispositions de la loi n° 194 du 22 mai 1978 (loi sur l’interruption volontaire de grossesse).
La loi, dans sa formulation d’origine, disposait que les techniques de production d’embryons, compte tenu de l’évolution technique et scientifique et de ce qui pourra être établi à l’avenir par des orientations juridiques du ministre de la Santé, ne peuvent conduire à la création d’un nombre d’embryons supérieur à celui strictement nécessaire à la réalisation d’un transfert unique et simultané, ce nombre ne pouvant en aucun cas être supérieur à trois.
Lorsque le transfert des embryons dans l’utérus se révèle impossible pour raison majeure grave et prouvée, ayant trait à l’état de santé de la femme et non prévisible au moment de la fécondation, la cryoconservation des embryons est autorisée jusqu’à la date du transfert, qui sera effectué aussitôt que possible. Depuis la décision n° 151/2009 de la Cour constitutionnelle, la détermination du nombre d’embryons à créer et à transférer dans le cadre d’une procédure d’implantation reste à l’appréciation du médecin qui tient compte de l’état de santé de la femme. Il ne doit pas être supérieur au nombre strictement nécessaire à la procréation.
En vertu de la loi sur la procréation médicalement assistée, il est interdit de procéder à la réduction embryonnaire de grossesses multiples, sauf dans les cas prévus par la loi n° 194 du 22 mai 1978 (loi sur l’interruption volontaire de grossesse).
Les sujets visés à l’article 5 sont informés du nombre et, s’ils le demandent, de l’évaluation des embryons produits à transférer dans l’utérus.
À la suite de la décision n° 96 du 5 juin 2015, la Cour constitutionnelle a levé l’interdiction qui était faite aux couples fertiles porteurs connus de maladies génétiques graves de recourir au diagnostic génétique préimplantatoire. Les maladies en question doivent répondre aux critères de gravité énoncés à l’article 6, paragraphe 1, lettre b) de la Loi n° 194 du 22 mai 1978 et être détectées par les prestataires publics de soins de santé compétents. Il appartient au Parlement de définir les critères d’agrément de ces structures.
Toute expérimentation sur l’embryon humain est interdite.
La recherche clinique et expérimentale sur l’embryon humain est autorisée à condition que les buts en soient exclusivement thérapeutiques et diagnostiques, en vue de la protection de la santé et du développement de l’embryon.
Sont interdites :
(a) la production d’embryons humains aux fins de recherche ou d’expérimentation ou à toutes fins autres que celles prévues par la loi. Interdiction des dons d’embryon à des fins de recherche : dans l’arrêt Parrillo c. Italie (requête n°46470/11) du 27 août 2015, la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme a reconnu que l’interdiction faite à une femme de donner à la recherche scientifique des embryons résultants d’une fécondation in vitro n’était pas contraire à son droit au respect de sa vie privée (il n’y avait pas de violation de l’article 8 (droit au respect de la vie privée) de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme). Elle a également affirmé que les embryons humains ne sauraient être réduits à des « biens ». La Cour a considéré qu’il convenait de reconnaître à l’Italie une large marge d’appréciation dans cette affaire, qui mettait en jeu des questions morales et éthiques sensibles, d’autant plus qu’il n’y avait pas de consensus européen sur la question délicate du don d’embryons non destinés à l’implantation. La Cour constitutionnelle a rejeté un recours récent sur ces questions, affirmant qu’il appartenait au législateur de modifier la loi.
(b) toute forme de sélection dans un but eugénique, des embryons et des gamètes, ou des interventions qui, au moyen de techniques de sélection, de manipulation, ou par des procédés artificiels, visent à altérer le patrimoine génétique de l’embryon ou du gamète, ou à en prédéterminer les caractéristiques génétiques, à l’exception des interventions à des fins diagnostiques et thérapeutiques. Cela dit, l’arrêt n° 229/2015 de la Cour constitutionnelle n’a supprimé l’interdiction de la sélection d’embryons que dans des circonstances particulières, considérant qu’il ne s’agissait pas d’une infraction lorsqu’elle vise à prévenir l’implantation d’embryons nés de couples présentant un risque de transmission de maladies génétiques graves, conformément à l’article 6, 1 B de la loi 194 (relative à l’interruption de grossesse) dans des structures publiques désignées. Une question de constitutionnalité concernant l’article 13 (paragraphes 3, alinéa b) et 4) de la Loi n° 40/2004 a été soulevée. Le jugement rendu est conforme à l’arrêt précité.
Il souligne toutefois la protection nécessaire a conférer à l’embryon humain à la protection nécessaire, rappelant que « l’enjeu est ici la nécessité de protéger la dignité de l’embryon, à laquelle aucune autre réponse que la cryoconservation ne peut actuellement être apportée. Un embryon, quel que soit le statut juridique plus ou moins déterminé associé au début de la vie, ne saurait être réduit à un simple matériau biologique ».
(c) des interventions de clonage par transfert de noyau ou de scission précoce de l’embryon ou d’ectogenèse, à des fins de procréation ou de recherche ;
(d) la fécondation d’un gamète humain par un gamète d’espèce différente et la production d’hybrides ou de chimères.
4. Sanctions
Le texte de la loi 40/2004 prévoit différentes sanctions progressives en cas de violation de la loi, qui s’appliquent aux médecins et aux Centres autorisés mettant en œuvre les techniques de procréation assistée.
L’homme ou la femme auxquels sont appliquées les techniques ne peuvent être sanctionnés que s’ils n’ont pas suivi les procédures prévues. La sanction pour insémination hétérologue a été supprimée. Les sanctions qui restent en vigueur sont définies à l’article 12 de la Loi n° 40/2004.
5. Autorisations
Un système d’autorisation régionale des structures jugées adéquates est prévu, sur la base :
(a) des données techniques, scientifiques et d’organisation de ces structures ;
(b) des qualifications du personnel.
Les conditions requises sont établies par actes des Régions.
Il existe un Registre obligatoire des structures autorisées, établi et tenu par l’Institut supérieur de la santé, qui suit l’application des techniques de procréation médicalement assistée, les embryons formés et les enfants nés à la suite de l’application de ces techniques.
L’Institut supérieur de la santé prépare le rapport annuel à présenter au Parlement.
Après la décision n° 162/2014, le ministère de la Santé a approuvé les Lignes directrices pour l’application des techniques de reproduction hétérologues au couple qui reçoit le gamète. En ce qui concerne le don de gamètes, l’Italie adoptera la Directive UE 2006/17, ALL.III, PAR.3,4 et ses modifications ultérieures. Le texte sera approuvé dans le système normatif (sous la forme d’un décret gouvernemental). L’un des éléments fondamentaux issus du système juridique Italien est le principe selon lequel le don de sperme et d’ovocyte doit être un acte volontaire, altruiste et non rémunéré.
16. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos anonymous? sperm Yes/oocytes Yes/embryos No
17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child born after gametes of embryo donation?
i. For the child him or herself NA; ii. For the parents NA; iii. For a court NA
a. Identity of the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself NA; ii. For the parents NA; iii. For a court NA
b. Certain health information concerning the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents Yes; iii. For a court NA
c. Other information
i. For the child him or herself NA; ii. For the parents NA; iii. For a court NA
18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions? No. In the case of reproduction using a heterologous donor - even if prevented by law - the donor cannot disown the child (Art 9). The mother of the child after MAP cannot declare her wish not to be entered in the birth registers as provided for by dpr no 396 (2000).
16. Is donation of sperm/oocytes/embryos anonymous? No. As previously indicated, under the Children and Family Relationships Act gamete and embryo donation is permitted on a non-anonymous basis. Gamete and embryo donors will be required to provide name; place and date of birth; nationality, place and date on which s/he provided the donation; and contact details. Once a donor-conceived child has attained the age of 18 years s/he may request the name, date of birth and contacts details of the relevant donor, as recorded in the National Donor-Conceived Person Register.
17. Is it possible to obtain information about the biological origin of a child born after gametes of embryo donation?
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents Yes; iii. For a court NA
According to the Children and Family Relationships Act 2015, a donor-conceived child who has attained the age of 18 years, or the parent of a donor-conceived child who has not attained the age of 18 years, may request the following information from the Register:
(a) information other than the relevant donor’s name, date of birth and contact details, that is recorded on the Register in respect of the relevant donor;
(b) the number of persons who have been born as a result of the use in a donor-assisted human reproduction procedure of a gamete donated by the relevant donor, and the sex and year of birth of each of them.
In addition, the Act provides that, a donor-conceived child who has attained the age of 18 years may request the name, date of birth and contacts details of a relevant donor, as recorded in the Register. The donor must be issued with a notice informing him or her that a request has been made by the donor-conceived child. The requested information may be released 12 weeks from the date on which on which the notice is sent (with very restrictive exceptions).
a. Identity of the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself Yes; ii. For the parents Yes; iii. For a court NA
See answer to previous question
b. Certain health information concerning the donor(s)
i. For the child him or herself; ii. For the parents; iii. For a court
Under the proposed assisted human reproduction legislation, medical information relating to the donor may be released to a medical practitioner in order to avoid an imminent and serious risk to the health of a person or to enable the medical practitioner to provide medical advice to a person regarding the existence of a genetic or hereditary condition.
c. Other information
i. For the child him or herself; ii. For the parents; iii. For a court NA
18. Is it possible to contest maternity and paternity of children born utilising MAP and under which conditions? Yes/No.
According to the Irish Constitution, the woman who has given birth to a child is always regarded as the legal mother. This assertion was challenged in the Irish Courts, but it was upheld in the Supreme Court in 2014 in the MR and Anor – v- An tArd Chlaraitheoir & Ors (Surrogacy) case.
According to the Children and Family Relationships Act 2015, the parents of a donor-conceived child are the mother and her husband, civil partner or cohabitant as the case may be. A donor of a gamete or embryo is not regarded as the parent of a donor-conceived child.
Title of the law “Law on reproductive and sexual Health”
Date of adoption 31 January 2002 and entry into force 01 July 2002
Published in 19 February 2002
1. Is access to medically assisted procreation (MAP)
a. restricted to heterosexual couples? No
b. possible for women not living in a heterosexual couple? Yes
1. Is access to medically assisted procreation (MAP)
a. restricted to heterosexual couples? Yes
b. possible for women not living in a heterosexual couple? No