Japan has adopted the Anti-stalking Act which covers “Making silent calls, or calling, transmitting using a fax machine or sending text messages through any text messaging service persistently despite his/her rejections” ….  “against a person, his/her spouse, lineal blood relatives or relatives living together or any person who has a close relationship in social life with him/her for the purpose of satisfying one’s affection, including romantic feelings, toward any person or fulfilling a grudge when the said affection is unrequited.” Other provisions of the Penal Code on intimidation (article 222(19)), compulsion (223(1)), defamation (230(1) or insults (231) may also be applied.